Introduction

Active (or Real) Power Control is a critical operational strategy used to align power generation with the continuously changing load. Its primary purpose is to maintain the system frequency within a tolerable limit of ±5%. When the system load changes, the speed of all turbine-generator units is affected, leading to variations in system frequency.

Primary Control: When there is a deviation from the synchronous speed, the governor control mechanism is activated. This response prompts all participating turbine-generator units to adjust their output to accommodate the load change, thereby stabilizing the system frequency.

Secondary Control: This mechanism fine-tunes the system by adjusting the load reference set points of selected turbine-generator units, ensuring that the system frequency returns to its nominal value.

Single Area Load Frequency Control (LFC) is a crucial mechanism in power systems that ensures the balance between electricity generation and load demand within a single interconnected area. It works by continuously monitoring the system frequency and adjusting the output of generators to compensate for any deviations. Key components in the process include parameters such as the governor and turbine time constants, droop value, damping constant, and rotational inertia. These factors determine how quickly and effectively the system respond to changes in load.

Speed governing system: The speed governing system of generator load frequency control depends on the generator, load, turbine and governor of a model. The mathematical model of all the different components are given as follows:

1.1 Mathematical modelling of a generator:

Click here for the detailed theory explanation